Boudicca A Mothers Revenge or Celtic Societys Laws

Life for women among the ancient Celts about 2,000 years ago was surprisingly  desirable, especially considering the treatment of women in most ancient civilizations. Celtic women could enter a variety of professions, hold legal rights—especially in the area of marriage—and have rights of redress in case of sexual harassment and rape, the most famous of which was Boudicca.   Celtic Laws Defining Marriage According to historian Peter Berresford Ellis, the early Celts had a sophisticated, unified law system. Women could govern and take prominent roles in political, religious, and artistic life, and even act as judges and lawgivers. They could choose when and whom to marry. They could also divorce and they could claim damages if they were deserted, molested or maltreated. Today, two of the Celtic legal codes survive: The Irish Fà ©nechas (known as the Brehon Law), codified during the reign of the High King Laoghaire (428-36 A.D.), and the Welsh Cyfraith Hywel (the Law of Hywel Dda), codified in the tenth century by Hywel Dda. Marriage Among the Celts In the Brehon system, at the age of 14, Celtic women were free to marry in one of nine ways. As in other civilizations, marriage was an economic union. The first three types of Irish Celtic marriages required formal, prenuptial agreements. The others—even the ones that would be illegal today—marriage meant men assumed financial responsibilities for child-rearing. The Fà ©nechas system includes all nine; the Welsh Cyfraith Hywel system shares the first eight categories. In the primary form of marriage (là ¡namnas comthichuir), both partners enter the union with equal financial resources.In là ¡namnas mnà ¡ for ferthinchur, the woman contributes fewer finances.In là ¡namnas fir for bantichur, the man contributes fewer finances.Cohabitation with a woman at her house.Voluntary elopement without the consent of the womans family.Involuntary abduction without the familys consent.Secret rendezvous.Marriage by rape.Marriage of two insane people. Marriage did not require monogamy, and in Celtic law, there were three categories of wives paralleling the first three types of marriage, the main difference being the attendant financial obligations. Neither was there a dowry required for marriage, although there was a bride-price which the woman could keep in certain cases of divorce. Grounds for divorce that included the return of the bride price were if the husband: Left her for another woman.Failed to support her.Told lies, satirized her or seduced her into marriage by trickery or sorcery.Struck his wife causing a blemish.Told tales about their sex life.Qas impotent or sterile or obese enough to prevent sex.Left her bed to exclusively practice homosexuality. Laws Covering Rape and Sexual Harassment In Celtic law, cases of rape and sexual harassment involved punishments to help the rape victim financially while permitting her rapist to remain free. That might have provided less incentive for the man to lie, but failure to pay could lead to castration. The woman, too, had an incentive for honesty: she had to be certain of the identity of the man whom she was accusing of rape. If she made an allegation that later proved to be false, she would have no help raising the offspring of such union; nor could she charge a second man with the same crime. Celtic law didnt demand written contracts for liaisons. However, if a woman was kissed or interfered with bodily against her will, the offender had to make compensation. Verbal abuse also fetched fines valued at the persons honor price. Rape, as defined among the Celts, included forcible, violent rape (forcor) and the seduction of someone asleep, mentally deranged, or intoxicated (sleth). Both were regarded as equally serious. But if a woman arranged to go to bed with a man and then changed her mind, she could not charge him with rape. For the Celts, rape doesnt seem to have been so much shameful as a crime that must be avenged (dial), and often by the woman herself. According to  Plutarch, the famous Celtic (Galatian) queen  Chiomara, wife of  Ortagion  of the Tolistoboii, was captured by the Romans and raped by a Roman  centurion  in 189 BC. When the centurion learned of her status, he demanded (and received) ransom. When her people brought the gold to the centurion, Chiomara had her countrymen cut off his head. She is said to have quipped to her husband that there should be only one man alive who knew her carnally. Another story from Plutarch concerns that curious eighth form of Celtic marriage— that by rape. A priestess of Brigid named  Camma  was  the wife  of a chieftain named  Sinatos. Sinorix murdered  Sinatos, then forced the priestess to marry him.  Camma  put poison in the ceremonial cup from which they both drank. To allay his suspicions, she drank first and they both died. Boudicca and Celtic Laws on Rape Boudicca  (or Boadicea or Boudica, an early version of Victoria according to Jackson), one of  historys  most powerful women, suffered rape only vicariously—as a mother, but her revenge destroyed thousands. According to the Roman historian  Tacitus, Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made an alliance with Rome so that he would be allowed to rule his territory as a client-king. When he died in 60 A.D., he willed his territory to the emperor and his own two daughters, hoping thereby, to placate Rome. Such a will was not in accordance with Celtic law; nor did it satisfy the new emperor, for centurions plundered Prasutagus house, whipped his widow, Boudicca, and raped their daughters. It was time for revenge. Boudicca, as ruler and war leader of the Iceni, led a retaliatory revolt against the Romans. Enlisting the support of the neighboring tribe of Trinovantes and possibly some others, she resoundingly defeated the Roman troops at Camulodonum and virtually annihilated his legion, the IX Hispana. She then headed towards London, where she and her forces slaughtered all the Romans and razed the town. Then the tide turned. Eventually, Boudicca was defeated, but not captured. She and her daughters are said to have taken poison to avoid capture and ritual execution at Rome. But she lives on in legend as Boadicea of the flaming mane who stands towering  over her enemies in a scythe-wheeled chariot. Updated by  K. Kris Hirst Sources Ellis PB. 1996.  Celtic Women: Women in Celtic Society and Literature. Eerdmans Publishing Co.The  Brehon Law AcademyBulst  CM. 1961.  The Revolt of Queen Boudicca in A.D. 60.  Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte  10(4):496-509.Conley CA. 1995.  No Pedestals: Women and Violence in Late Nineteenth-Century Ireland.  Journal of Social History  28(4):801-818.Jackson K. 1979.  Queen Boudicca?  Britannia  10:255-255.

News Programs Bias And Political Party - 964 Words

A news programs bias and political party standings can effect what types of propaganda they show of certain candidates. For example, FOX news is a strictly Republican news channel, it supports Republican candidate, meanwhile news channels such as MSNBC and PBS are extremely democratic programs and support Democratic candidates in elections. News programs political bias can affect the way that particular program portrays a candidate for an upcoming election and a candidate’s portrayal can change a voter’s opinion of a candidate and can cause that candidate to lose viewers’ votes. The broadcasting of malicious rumors and gossip in any form by news programs gives a negative conception to a viewer. No viewer wants to vote for a candidate that is portrayed in a way that makes the viewer believe that they are bad for the country. Every viewer needs to take in to consideration the political bias of a news program before changing his or her opinion of a candidate as well as do some research on the candidates of an election themselves. Lastly, the dramatization by news programs today produces a glamorization of crime. News stories on crimes are extremely popular due to the fact audiences’ remembers bad news much easier than good news. Take history for example, much of history is filled with recounts of gruesome murders, wars, and scandals. An estimated 71 million viewers across the country tune in to their local news station’s broadcast (Yanich, 2004, p. 537). It can easily beShow MoreRelatedMedia Bias And The Civil Rights Era1286 Words   |  6 PagesMedia bias is a topic that has been in great focus of many political leaders over the past few presidential elections. However, what many people fail to see is that media bias has been around since the beginning of major news companies. Most Americans do not know what media bias is or how to identify it. That stated many people have noticed that most news stations are biased towards one religion, political party or even gender. This has been like this f or decades however has become much more prominentRead MoreEssay on Impact Of Television in Presidential Coverage1490 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen introduced to political coverage as a new medium, surpassed the dominance of newspaper and radio media as the primary public source of information regarding politics by 1962. Political processes and events of various measures were all soon televised in recognition of overwhelmingly positive public feedback. By the 1970s, live coverage of major political events were as common as seeing grass on the ground. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Through the impact of television, political campaigns and electionsRead MoreAnalysis Of `` On Political Labels `` By Christopher Borick And Four Words That Will Decide The Election Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"On Political Labels† by Christopher Borick and â€Å"Four Words That Will Decide the Election† by David Green both deal with how language is used in politics. Borick’s essay is a more historical and informative of the origins of political language and key words, while Green’s essay is a game plan for the Democrats to defeat the Republicans by using their own rhetoric against them. David Green makes great points in his essay, but because of his left wing bias and his overall view of Republicans beingRead MorePresidential Election : Electoral College1647 Words   |  7 Pageswinner-take-all elections, which means that the candidate that wins the majority in each individual state wins the entirety of that state†™s electoral votes. Unfortunately, this system is not precise; there has not been one presidential election when the political minority had a fair impact on determining whom won. In addition, candidates tend to ignore states that are not directly beneficial to their campaign. However, the worst consequence of this system is that U.S. voters do not always receive the presidentRead MoreThe Importance Of Jacksonian Democracy722 Words   |  3 PagesAndrew Jackson, war hero, man of the people, and seventh president of the United States of America led the Jacksonian Democrats; this political group was formed antebellum America. The democrats tried to aggrandize the puissance of lower classes, Americans that did not have as many opportunities unlike the aristocracy. While decreasing the clout of the rich and potent. Economically, they achieved benefits from governing during a period where huge advances in transportation, which ultimately acceleratedRead MoreThe Importance Of Statistics In Policy Support739 Words   |  3 PagesDepartment of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (2017), â€Å"Research is critical to the development of sound criminal justice policy, as well as to the development of advanced technologies that support the work of law enforcement agencies.† (p.1) As long as data is presented in a manner in which all interested parties can understand it, the logical decisions of policymaking can then be made in a timely and efficient manner. However, most importantly, bias is the â€Å"death nail† for any research becauseRead MoreThe Element Of A Narrative Of An Event1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this study is to determine if partisan news sources differentially utilize episodic or thematic framing when ascribing blame to elected officials or candidates. The key concepts that are utilized in the study are presented as follows: Partisan news: News programing containing a perceived bias toward a liberal or conservative ideology. Episodic framing: The presence of a narrative of an event presented in isolation of social context, emphasizing the action or event itself. ThematicRead MorePerfection And Utter Disaster : A Utopian Society1500 Words   |  6 Pagesbe people who see through this masquerade. The Party in 1984 and the Handicapper General in Harrison Bergeron use these techniques and others to establish their dominance over everyone else. The news station Fox News, specifically CEO Roger Ailes, dictates how his company is run in the same nature as a figurehead in a dystopian novel would. Although utopias and dystopias are thought to be complete opposites, in 1984, Harrison Bergeron, and Fox News the two types of societies intertwine through theRead MoreThe On The Wall, Who s The Fairest Of Them All?1407 Words   |  6 Pageson the wall, who’s the fairest of them all? Is it CBS or ABC? CNN or FOX News? Liberal bias is undoubtably an orthodox notion among consumers of mainstream broadcast journalism. For decades, Republicans have repeated a mantra alleging that the media as a whole are biased against their party and their politicians . However, with the rise of conservative talk radio and TV programming, democrats have somewhat embraced this â€Å"bias† thus, digging a deeper void between politically active audiences. This wasRead MoreFighting Without Knowledge Will Hurt Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesso many different news outlets it can be difficult to choose which channel you want to watch. With all the accusations of liberal or conservative bias dominating the feuds between the cable news channels, it would be easiest to choose the channel that we believe best fits our own ideological views. When you look at MSNBC and Fox News the ideologies seem to be completely opposite, but they have some similarities. Both are accused of having either a liberal or a conservative bias and it is not very

Safety Management Systems for Aviation Industry- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSafety Management Systems for Aviation Industry. Answer: Introduction The following assignment is about the various aspects and the importance of implementing the safety policies for the aviation organizations. The aviation organizations deal with providing their services for carrying goods as well as human beings from one country to another. Therefore, it is much necessary to provide safety to the passengers or the goods they are caeeying through air. All the organizations working within the aviation industry must introduce some safety policies for the cabin and crew, passengers, pilots and the air hostesses. This is of utmost importance because millions of lives across the world are related to this. Overview of the aviation industry Before exploring about the safety policies for the aviation industry organizations, one must be aware about the aviation industry itself (Kinnison and Siddiqui 2012). This industry deals with carrying passengers by air through their airplanes and the other aircrafts like helicopters and private jets and others. This industry deals with the operations, management and development of the aircrafts. It has been a common perception that the aviation industry is only about the pilots and air hostesses. However, this perception is not at all true. There are many other job options within this industry (Van der Linden 2015). There are in-flight trainers, aircraft maintenance engineers, baggage handlers, reservation agents, clerks, air traffic controllers and many more people. They are equally precious professionals along with the running staffs like pilots and airhostesses. So, it is of utmost importance for the aviation organizations to maintain some safety means for their employees (Rodrigues and Cusick 2012). The aviation industry has promising growth in the future so the youth are interested towards this lucrative career. As more people are getting recruited in this profession, the responsibilities for securing them retaining them and maintain safety measures for their customers i.e. the passengers is increasing rapidly. The incident of the air crashes and likewise accidents have been a very common phenomenon in the recent times. This has resulted in the loss of lives for many people (Rodrigues and Cusick 2012). Important safety measures In this paper, the subject of discussion has to be around the aviation industry organization Gladiator Airline that has been operating for some years. They have to create a safety policy for their customers as well as their cabin and crew (?okorilo, De Luca and DellAcqua 2014). They have to be aware about the various aspects about the aviation industry safety measures across the world. They have to ensure the health safety of their employees and the customers as well. The six point safety strategy is a very important strategy that the aviation industry organizations must follow in order to build proper policies for their organizations. Some of the factors that have to be considered at the time of assessment of safety measures are safety performance monitoring analyze and disseminate the information and promoting the facilitation of safety (Oster, Strong and Zorn 2013). The safety management system in the aviation industry is about an approach to manage the safety. This includes the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and the procedures (Halford 2016). The kinds of service providers who use to provide the safety tools for the aviation industry are aircraft operators, air traffic service providers, certified aerodromes, approved maintenance organizations, the organizations which are responsible for designing the types and manufacturing the aircrafts. The things that can be put under maintain the safety for the passengers and employees are identifying the safety hazards, aiming to make a continuous improvement in the safety policies, making sure that the remedial action is taken so that the acceptable level of safety can be maintained (Halford 2016). This industry has been maintaining these safety management systems (SMS) for a long time. The industry looks to concentrate on some important factors in the safety measures. He Global Aviation Data Management (GADM) has revealed that there are several points of concern in this industry and they are risks at runway, controlled flight into terrain and loss of control in the flight. Safety policies for Global Airline The chosen organization for this paper Gladiator Airline can adopt some safety policies by which they can avoid certain risks of accident as the number of accidents have to be reduced at any cost. They have to maintain a safety culture that can be flexible, based on learning, encourages the fact that reporting is just. The hazards have to be identified properly and remedial actions must be taken within certain time. This will help to control the hazards (Chen and Chen 2012). The safety performance can be improved by establishing and achieving the goals, targets and measurements and the safety performance has to be monitored by the control room. The management has to be held accountable to establish to maintain the safe workplaces in the organizations and the different policies, procedures, instructions and adequate resources have to be provided by the management for better safety (Chen and Chen 2012). All the aviation regulatory requirements have to be met or exceeded for betterment. The safety-related risks associated with the airline operations have to be managed systematically (Chen and Chen 2012). All the WHS legislative frameworks related to the health and safety management have to be met or exceeded by the organization. The safety achievements have to be recognized by the organization as part of the good business practice. These safety policies should be applied to all the team members, contractors and visitors associated with the industry (Roelen and Klompstra 2012). The adequate resources have to be provisioned for maintain these safety policies. The early intervention and returning to work must be encouraged by implementing proper equitable claims management. These returning to work cases include the injuries and illnesses. The organization has to achieve the industry leading performance and continuous improvement in the safety practices (Roelen and Klompstra 2012). The crew members should be fit and responsible for their own duty. It should be made sure they have completed their training and current employees. They should stop, think and identify the hazards. They should wear the personal protective equipments (PPE). They must report all safety hazards and risks. They should challenge unsafe behaviors in the other people. Conclusion To conclude this paper, it can be said that many significant aspects in the aviation industry safety policy have been discussed here. The safety management system and the related risks and hazards, safety maintenance strategies have been outlined also. The safety policy for the chosen organization Gladiator Airline has been developed so that they can go through and maintain this policy. These policies are very important to be maintained as this will ensure the responsibilities for the crew members and the integrity of the airline industry. References Chen, C.F. and Chen, S.C., 2012. Scale development of safety management system evaluation for the airline industry.Accident Analysis Prevention,47, pp.177-181. ?okorilo, O., De Luca, M. and DellAcqua, G., 2014. Aircraft safety analysis using clustering algorithms.Journal of Risk Research,17(10), pp.1325-1340. Halford, C.D., 2016.Implementing Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Routledge. Kinnison, H.A. and Siddiqui, T., 2012.Aviation maintenance management. Oster, C.V., Strong, J.S. and Zorn, C.K., 2013. Analyzing aviation safety: Problems, challenges, opportunities.Research in transportation economics,43(1), pp.148-164. Rodrigues, C.C. and Cusick, S.K., 2012.Commercial aviation safety. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill. Roelen, A.L.C. and Klompstra, M.B., 2012. The challenges in defining aviation safety performance indicators.Proceedings of PSAM ESREL. Van der Linden, F.R., 2015.Airlines and Air Mail: The Post Office and the Birth of the Commercial Aviation Industry. University Press of Kentucky.